JavaScript is a cross-platform, object-oriented scripting language.
It is a small and lightweight language. Inside a host environment
(for example, a web browser), JavaScript can be connected to the
objects of its environment to provide programmatic control over
them.
JavaScript contains a standard library of objects, such as Array,
Date, and Math, and a core set of language elements such as
operators, control structures, and statements. Core JavaScript can
be extended for a variety of purposes by supplementing it with
additional objects; for example:
-
Client-side JavaScript extends the core language by supplying
objects to control a browser and its Document Object Model (DOM).
For example, client-side extensions allow an application to place
elements on an HTML form and respond to user events such as mouse
clicks, form input, and page navigation.
-
Server-side JavaScript extends the core language by supplying
objects relevant to running JavaScript on a server. For example,
server-side extensions allow an application to communicate with a
database, provide continuity of information from one invocation to
another of the application, or perform file manipulations on a
server.
What you should already know
This guide assumes you have the following basic background:
-
A general understanding of the Internet and the World Wide Web
(WWW).
- Good working knowledge of HyperText Markup Language (HTML).
-
Some programming experience. If you are new to programming, try
one of the tutorials linked on the main page about JavaScript.
JavaScript and Java are similar in some ways but fundamentally
different in some others. The JavaScript language resembles Java but
does not have Java's static typing and strong type checking.
JavaScript follows most Java expression syntax, naming conventions
and basic control-flow constructs which was the reason why it was
renamed from LiveScript to JavaScript.
In contrast to Java's compile-time system of classes built by
declarations, JavaScript supports a runtime system based on a small
number of data types representing numeric, Boolean, and string
values. JavaScript has a prototype-based object model instead of the
more common class-based object model. The prototype-based model
provides dynamic inheritance; that is, what is inherited can vary
for individual objects. JavaScript also supports functions without
any special declarative requirements. Functions can be properties of
objects, executing as loosely typed methods.
JavaScript is a very free-form language compared to Java. You do not
have to declare all variables, classes, and methods. You do not have
to be concerned with whether methods are public, private, or
protected, and you do not have to implement interfaces. Variables,
parameters, and function return types are not explicitly typed.
You use variables as symbolic names for values in your application.
The names of variables, called identifiers, conform to certain rules.
A JavaScript identifier must start with a letter, underscore (_), or
dollar sign ($); subsequent characters can also be digits (0-9).
Because JavaScript is case sensitive, letters include the characters
"A" through "Z" (uppercase) and the characters "a" through "z"
(lowercase).
You can use ISO 8859-1 or Unicode letters such as å and ü in
identifiers. You can also use the Unicode escape sequences as
characters in identifiers. Some examples of legal names are
Number_hits, temp99, and _name.
You can declare a variable in three ways:
With the keyword var. For example, var x = 42. This
syntax can be used to declare both local and global variables.
By simply assigning it a value. For example,
x = 42. This always declares a global variable. It
generates a strict JavaScript warning. You shouldn't use this
variant.
With the keyword let. For example, let y = 13. This
syntax can be used to declare a block scope local variable. See
Variable scope below.
When you declare a variable outside of any function, it is called a
global variable, because it is available to any other code in the
current document. When you declare a variable within a function, it
is called a local variable, because it is available only within that
function.
JavaScript before ECMAScript 2015 does not have block statement
scope; rather, a variable declared within a block is local to the
function (or global scope) that the block resides within. For
example the following code will log 5, because the scope of x is the
function (or global context) within which x is declared, not the
block, which in this case is an if statement.
if (true) { var x = 5; } console.log(x); // 5
This behavior changes, when using the let declaration introduced in
ECMAScript 2015.
if (true) { let y = 5; } console.log(y); // ReferenceError: y is
not defined
Global variables are in fact properties of the global object. In web
pages the global object is window, so you can set and access global
variables using the window.variable syntax.
Consequently, you can access global variables declared in one window
or frame from another window or frame by specifying the window or
frame name. For example, if a variable called phoneNumber is
declared in a document, you can refer to this variable from an
iframe as parent.phoneNumber.
You can create a read-only, named constant with the const keyword.
The syntax of a constant identifier is the same as for a variable
identifier: it must start with a letter, underscore or dollar sign
and can contain alphabetic, numeric, or underscore characters.
const PI = 3.14;
A constant cannot change value through assignment or be re-declared
while the script is running. It has to be initialized to a value.
The scope rules for constants are the same as those for let block
scope variables. If the const keyword is omitted, the identifier is
assumed to represent a variable.
You cannot declare a constant with the same name as a function or
variable in the same scope. For example:
// THIS WILL CAUSE AN ERROR function f() {}; const f = 5; // THIS
WILL CAUSE AN ERROR ALSO function f() { const g = 5; var g;
//statements }
However, object attributes are not protected, so the following
statement is executed without problems.
const MY_OBJECT = {"key": "value"}; MY_OBJECT.key =
"otherValue";
The latest ECMAScript standard defines seven data types:
Although these data types are a relatively small amount, they enable
you to perform useful functions with your applications. Objects and
functions are the other fundamental elements in the language. You can
think of objects as named containers for values, and functions as
procedures that your application can perform.
Use the if statement to execute a statement if a logical condition is
true. Use the optional else clause to execute a statement if the
condition is false. An if statement looks as follows:
if (condition) { statement_1; } else { statement_2; }
condition can be any expression that evaluates to true or false. See
Boolean for an explanation of what evaluates to true and false. If
condition evaluates to true, statement_1 is executed; otherwise,
statement_2 is executed. statement_1 and statement_2 can be any
statement, including further nested if statements.
You may also compound the statements using else if to have multiple
conditions tested in sequence, as follows:
if (condition_1) { statement_1; } else if (condition_2) {
statement_2; } else if (condition_n) { statement_n; } else {
statement_last; }
In the case of multiple conditions only the first logical condition
which evaluates to true will be executed. To execute multiple
statements, group them within a block statement ({ ... }) . In
general, it's good practice to always use block statements, especially
when nesting if statements:
if (condition) { statement_1_runs_if_condition_is_true;
statement_2_runs_if_condition_is_true; } else {
statement_3_runs_if_condition_is_false;
statement_4_runs_if_condition_is_false; }
It is advisable to not use simple assignments in a conditional
expression, because the assignment can be confused with equality when
glancing over the code. For example, do not use the following code:
if (x = y) { /* statements here */ } If you need to use
an assignment in a conditional expression, a common practice is to put
additional parentheses around the assignment. For example:
if ((x = y)) { /* statements here */ }
A while statement executes its statements as long as a specified
condition evaluates to true. A while statement looks as follows:
while (condition) statement If the condition becomes
false, statement within the loop stops executing and control passes to
the statement following the loop.
The condition test occurs before statement in the loop is executed.
If the condition returns true, statement is executed and the
condition is tested again. If the condition returns false, execution
stops and control is passed to the statement following while.
To execute multiple statements, use a block statement ({ ... }) to
group those statements.
Example:
The following while loop iterates as long as n is less than three:
var n = 0; var x = 0; while (n < 3) { n++; x += n; }
With each iteration, the loop increments n and adds that value to x.
Therefore, x and n take on the following values:
- After the first pass: n = 1 and x = 1
- After the second pass: n = 2 and x = 3
- After the third pass: n = 3 and x = 6
After completing the third pass, the condition n < 3 is no longer
true, so the loop terminates.
A function definition (also called a function declaration, or function
statement) consists of the function keyword, followed by:
- The name of the function.
-
A list of arguments to the function, enclosed in parentheses and
separated by commas.
-
The JavaScript statements that define the function, enclosed in
curly brackets, { }.
For example, the following code defines a simple function named
square:
function square(number) { return number * number; }
The function square takes one argument, called number. The function
consists of one statement that says to return the argument of the
function (that is, number) multiplied by itself. The return
statement specifies the value returned by the function.
return number * number;
Primitive parameters (such as a number) are passed to functions by
value; the value is passed to the function, but if the function
changes the value of the parameter, this change is not reflected
globally or in the calling function.